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Under the full title of "An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations", this treatise is Adam Smith's critique of the mercantile system and his advocacy of the freedom of commerce and industry.
One of the main arguments presented is that productive capacity rests on the division of labour, and on the accumulation of capital that such activity makes possible. This division of labour, he argues with examples, leaves producers with a surplus, which they can exchange with others, or use to invest in more efficient labour-saving machinery.
Other themes include an assesment of the restrictions governments impose on markets, and the future prosperity of countries as a result of economic freedom and capital accumulation.
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