To hate vice in men is neither duty nor against duty, but a mere feeling of horror of vice, the will having no influence on the feeling nor the feeling on the will. Beneficence is a duty. He who often practises this, and sees his beneficent purpose succeed, comes at last really to love him whom he has benefited. When, therefore, it is said: �Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself,� this does not mean, �Thou shalt first of all love, and by means of this love (in the next place) do him good�; but: �Do good to thy neighbour, and this beneficence will produce in thee the love of men (as a settled habit of inclination to beneficence).�

The love of complacency (amor complacentiae,) would therefore alone be direct. This is a pleasure immediately connected with the idea of the existence of an object, and to have a duty to this,