t?? ?????? ?a? �e?t?sta? ???? t? ????? �??e?? t?? �?????, ?a?' ?? ?a? p???? t??e? ?�e? ?e??�e?a ?at? t? ????, ???? ??e???????, d??a??? ?a? s?????e?. On examining the virtues and vices, as summarised by Aristotle in the De Virtutibus et Vitiis, it will be found that all of them, without exception, are not properly thinkable unless assumed to be inborn qualities, and that only as such can they be genuine.

If, in consequence of reasoned reflection, we take them as voluntary, they are then seen to lose their reality, and pass into the region of empty forms; whence it immediately follows that their permanence and resistance under the storm and stress of circumstance could not be counted on. And the same is true of the virtue of loving-kindness, of which Aristotle, in common with all the ancients, knows nothing.